: The city's identity is built on a diverse mix of Javanese (84%), Madurese, Sundanese, and other ethnic groups.
: There is a persistent perception that the bureaucracy often serves itself rather than the community, a tension that fuels social movements and protests. ABG (Youth Culture) and Emerging Social Issues : The city's identity is built on a
: Surabaya has been a pioneer in digital governance , but researchers note that "bureaucratic resistance and rigid procedures" remain major obstacles to true reform. : The city's identity is built on a